不同形式的被动语态
江苏省灌南县三口中学 付怀书
1. 含有直宾和间宾的主动结构,变为被动时,可将其中一个宾语变为主语,另一个不动一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。
如:He showed me his pictures. I was shown his pictures by him.
2含有复合宾语的主动句,宾补不变。
(1) 将宾语变为主语,宾补不变。
(2) make, let, have,hear, watch, see, feel, notice. help既动词后变做宾补的不定式一般不加to,变为被动,必须加to .
3. 情态动词的被动语态。是由情态V+be+p.p.构成
如:They can not find him. He can not be found.
4. 短语V的被动语态。有许多由不及物动词+介词及其他词类构成的短语动词,相当与及物动词,可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态,但应注意短语V是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时,不可丢掉构成短语的prep或adv.这样的短语有look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make ues of,etc. 如:They had put out the fire before the fire--brigade arrived.
5. 有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。有些词如want,need,require和 be worth后面,v-ing形式为主动,意义为被动。 主动语态中的宾语是从句,变成被动时使用形式替代词it. 宾语为反身代词,相互代词及虚词it时,不用被动,只用主动。
6. 谓语动词是以下时,无被动。 happen, belong to, suit, fit(适合), have, let, join, fall, last(延长),cost(花费) break out(爆发)appear, burst out(迸发),hold(容纳),lack(缺乏),agree with(同意).
7.主动形式表被动
① 感官动词:sound,taste,smell,fell,look,seem等主语是物时; ② 一些vi主动形式表被动含义open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook, eat, weigh, drink, pay, draw, etc. ③不定式to blame,to let(出租)作表语时,主动形式表被动含义 ④表(sth)需要的need ,want,require等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义 ⑤be worth后的动名词主动形式表被动含义