浅谈英语倒装句

    倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以强调一定句子结构或某一句子成分,把正常情况下较晚出现的句子成分移至句首,使之处于突出的位置。英语句子的倒装有两种情况,一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装,二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况,倒装是必须的,否则就会出现语法错误;后一种情况,倒装是选择性的,倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。

　　由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装有两种,将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:On the wall hang two large portraits。只将谓语动词的一部分(如be,have,助动词、情态动词等)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如: Seldom has drumming caused such conflict。下面我结合英语教学实践，对两种倒装句的结构特点进行分类分析。

　　(一)完全倒装(Complete Inversion)

1.当句首是here/there/in/up/down/on/out/back/then等表示地点、时间、方位的副词,而谓语动词是rush/run/com/go等不及物动词时,用全部倒装结构,此时的谓语动词不需要助动词。

如:For a moment nothing happened. Then (B) all shouting together. 

　　A. voices had come  B. came voices

　　C. voices would come D. did voices come

　　但如果主语是代词时,则谓语不倒装。如：Here you are. There she comes。

　　2.表示地点的介词短语位于句首时。如:On the wall hang two large portraits。

　　3.当谓语动词时等不及物动词,而且地点状语提至句首时,或当主系表结构中的表语提前时或在句型中,都可以引起全部倒装,此时要注意主谓一致。

　　4.直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时,点明说话人的部分主谓语要倒装。

　　(二)部分倒装(Partial Inversion)

　　1.否定或否定意义的副词或介词置于句首时,引起部分倒装结构,常见的词有little/never/not/seldom/no longer 等。新课标Unit23中有很多这样的例子。如:Neither could they relax or read a book without plugging their ears.

　　2. “not only...(but also)...”位于句首引导两个分句时,前一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装,第二个分句则不倒装。如: The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only (B) , but students became more interested in the lessons.

A. saved was teachers’ energy

B. was teachers’energy saved

　　C. teachers’ energy was saved

　　D. was saved teachers’ energy

　　3. only修饰的状语(副词、介词短语或状语从句)位于句首时。如:Only with more practice can you pass the driving test. 但only修饰主语时,则不倒装。如:Only the teacher has the right to do that.

　　4. not until位于句首时,只有主句用倒装,until引导的从句不倒装。如:Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.

　　5.在no sooner...than..., hardly/scarcely/barely...　　When... 结构中,前面部分位于句首时,其后的分句要部分倒装(谓语用过去完成时)。如:No sooner had he finished his talk than he was surrounded by the workers.

　　6. so/neither/nor开头的句子,说明前面的内容也适用于后者时,用倒装句“so/neither/nor + be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语”。如:He is a teacher, so am I.

　　但同意对方的看法,表示“是的、确实”之意时,用“so+主语+be/have/助动词/情态动词”句式,即主谓不倒装。如:Jam is a good students. So he is.

　　7. as/though引导让步状语从句时,可将谓语部分的形容词/名词/动词等提到句首,采用部分倒装。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词,其前不加冠词。如:Child as he is, he knows a lot.

　　8.在so/such...that...结构中,so/such及其修饰部分位于句首时,主句要用部分倒装。

　　如:So sudden （C） that the enemy had no time to escape.

A. did the attack  B. the attack did  C. was the attack

D. the attack was 　　

　　倒装也是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句可以用来突出强调,平衡句子结构,承上启下,渲染气氛,使描写更加生动等作用。了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法,不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力,也会大大提高我们的英语表达能力。